Kalibr: Russia’s Naval System Upping Cruise Missile Game
On 7 October 2015, the Gepard class frigate and three Buyan-M class Russian Navy corvettes, part of the Caspian Flotilla, launched 26 Kalibr-NK system cruise missiles 3M14T from the Caspian Sea at 11 targets in Syria.
The missiles traveled 1,500 km (932 mi) through Iranian and Iraqi airspace and struck targets in Raqqa and Aleppo provinces – the territory controlled by the Islamic State.
On the 20th of November 2015 Russia launched 18 3M14T cruise missiles from Caspian Sea onto targets in Syria.
On the 9th of December 2015 Russia fired a group of 3M14K cruise missiles from Kalibr-PL system at Islamic State positions from the Improved Kilo-class submarine B-237 Rostov-on-Don deployed in the Mediterranean.
It was the first real-world test of its Kalibr land attack cruise missile – a game changer, making Russia a member of the elite club of countries. By launching its first combat strikes from a submarine, Russia demonstrated to the West that it now has the capability formerly monopolized by the US and its allies.
The Kalibr 3M-54 (NATO codename – «Sizzler», SS-N-30A) is a long-range, low-flying cruise missile capable of carrying conventional or nuclear warheads. It has land-attack, anti-ship and anti-submarine variants. The missile has a second stage that performs a supersonic sprint in the terminal approach to the target, reducing the time that target's defense systems have to react.
The Kalibr is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship with a Vertical Launched System (VLS) and a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarine torpedo tube can use a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container to be dropped after the missile is fired. During its terminal phase, the missile locates its target through a mix of coordinates and onboard image recognition, essentially matching an uploaded image of the target to what the missile sees in front of it. If all goes to plan, the missile’s 1,000-pound payload of high-explosive is then guided straight to the target for a violent impact.
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